Source: \UFO9_UIB_Mooring.nc Format: classic Global Attributes: title = 'Physical oceanography data from the UFO-09 mooring, southern Norwegian Basin, 26 August 2024 – 21 August 2025' authors = 'Fer, Ilker; Brakstad, Ailin; Lid, Daniel' summary = 'This data file includes hourly-averaged time series of ocean temperature, salinity, and currents on a 5-meter vertical grid, measured by moored instruments from the UFO-09 mooring at a depth of 2417 meters, collected as part of the Upstream Pathways of the Faroe Overflow (UFO) experiment. Details are summarized in the comments and variable attributes, as well as in the attached report. Data files per instrument with time series data from all sensors at measurement levels and original sampling rates are also provided separately. UFO is a multi-institutional, interdisciplinary effort to study the origin and pathways of the dense water that feeds the Faroe Bank Channel overflow. The UFO program, led by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI, R. Pickart) includes a mooring array, gliders, hydrographic surveys, and modeling. The overall objective is to determine where the densest water is formed in the Nordic Seas, how this water progresses to the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, and how it is modified along the way including the role of atmospheric forcing. An array of 10 moorings was deployed across the Iceland-Faroe Ridge out to the Norwegian Sea in autumn 2024. The first 8 tightly spaced profiling moorings (WHOI) aim to resolve and bracket the two previously documented Iceland Faroe Slope Jet branches. The Norwegian Sea Gyre Rim are measured simultaneously by UFO-09 (University of Bergen, Norway), and UFO-10 (Faroe Marine Research Institute, FAMRI). This mooring dataset is from UFO-09, provided by University of Bergen. The UFO-09 mooring was deployed from R/V Neil Armstrong (cruise AR84-03) and recovered from RV Roger Revelle (cruise RR2506). The upper part of the original mooring with temperature-conductivity sensors between 200-400 m was lost. The data set covers the period from 2024-08-26 17:00 to 2025-08-21 08:00 UTC, and includes time series of ocean temperature, salinity and currents. Vertical coverage for velocity measurements is from 36 to 1819 m, for temperature 366 to 2319 m (17 sensors) and for salinity 472 to 2319 m (8 sensors).' keywords = 'GCMDLOC:Geographic Region > North Atlantic Ocean, GCMDLOC:Ocean >North Atlantic Ocean, GCMDSK:Earth Science > Oceans > OCEAN CIRCULATION > OCEAN CURRENTS > SPEED PROFILES, GCMDSK:Earth Science > Oceans > OCEAN CIRCULATION > OCEAN CURRENTS > CURRENT PROFILES, GCMDSK:Earth Science > Oceans > OCEAN CIRCULATION > OCEAN CURRENTS > SUBSURFACE CURRENTS, GCMDSK:Earth Science > Oceans > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > OCEAN TEMPERATURE PROFILES, GCMDSK:Earth Science > Oceans > SALINITY/DENSITY > OCEAN SALINITY > OCEAN SALINITY PROFILES, GCMDPROV:ACADEMIC > U-BERGEN/GEOPH > Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen > http://www.uib.no/gfi/ , oceanography; ocean currents; hydrography' type = 'Hourly-averaged time series of temperature, salinity and horizontal velocity' data_type = 'moored time series' id = 'DOI:10.21335/NMDC-630401122 ' naming_authority = 'The Norwegian Marine Data Centre, https://nmdc.no/' history = 'Version 1' source = 'Sea-Bird and RBR C/T/P loggers, RDI ADCPs, Nortek ADCPs, AADI RCMs' platform = 'mooring' processing_level = 'quality controlled' comment = 'The UFO-09 mooring was deployed from R/V Neil Armstrong (cruise AR84-03) on 2024-08-26 and recovered from RV Roger Revelle (cruise RR2506) on 2025-08-21. Temperature, and in some instruments salinity and pressure, were measured using Sea-Bird Scientific (SBE) instruments (MicroCats, unpumped SBE37 and temperature loggers, SBE39 and SBE56), as well as one temperature logger from RBR. Additionally, the current profilers and meters had temperature and pressure sensor, and two AADI SeaGuards were equipped with conductivity sensors. In this gridded data file, we used salinity only from the SBE records. While the temperature record from the SeaGuards were found reliable, the salinities obtained from them showed substantial differences from the adjacent SBE record and excluded when producing the gridded data. The upper part of the mooring with sensors between 200-400 m was lost. The temperature from the uppermost ADCP (Nortek Signature S100) at 366 m depth recorded reliable data, but a large offset correction of -1.48C was required. This corrected record is included in the gridded data. Vertical coverage for temperature is 366 to 2319 m (17 sensors including the uppermost ADCP) and for salinity 472 to 2319 m (8 sensors). Ocean currents were measured using ADCPs from RDI and Nortek, at different frequencies and two current meters (AADI SeaGuards). Two Nortek Signature ADCPs were mounted on the same flotation approximately at 367 m (Signature S55 facing downward and S100 facing upward). A RDI 75kHz Workshorse Long Ranger ADCP was mounted in a spherical flotation facing downward at 1206 m. Vertical coverage for velocity measurements is from 36 to 1819 m. NetCDF files per instrument with time series data of all sensors at measurement levels and original sampling frequency are also provided separately with the data set. Details are summarized in the comments and variable attributes, in the instrument specific files, as well as in the attached report. We used the cleaned, quality controlled, and corrected data files (5-min averaged temperature/salinity data set, SBE_CTPrecorders.NC, and instrument specific ADCP and SeaGuard NC files). Records from all instruments are bin-averaged and interpolated to a common time array with uniform 1-hour resolution. The 5-meter vertically interpolated fields are based on time-variable measurement levels following the mooring motion. Corresponding depth records and time series of variables at time-variable measurement levels, that are used to produce the gridded set, are also provided with the data file. NetCDF files per instrument with time series data of all sensors at measurement levels and original sampling frequency are also provided separately with the data set. Details are summarized in the comments and variable attributes, in the instrument specific files, as well as in the attached report. The distribution of the instruments on this mooring is as follows: Depth is the best estimate of the target depth. ADCP-U and ADCP-D are upward facing and downward facing, respectively. Variables are T=TEMP; S=PSAL; V=horizontal currents; P=PRES A variable given in brackets for that instrument is not used in the gridded product. Instr || SN || Z(m) || Variables Nortek S100 ADCP-U || 100756 || 366 || T,P,V Nortek S55 ADCP-D || 200062 || 368.5 || (T),P,V SBE56 || 1345 || 420 || T SBE37 || 7224 || 472 || T,P,S SBE56 || 1343 || 524 || T SBE56 || 1947 || 576 || T SBE37 || 8970 || 628 || T,P,S SBE56 || 1333 || 680 || T SBE56 || 1331 || 731 || T SBE37 || 8000 || 783 || T,S SBE56 || 1332 || 886 || T SBE37 || 7223 || 984 || T,P,S AADI Seaguard RCM || 1902 || 991 || (T),P,(S),V RDI75D || 18447 || 1206 || (T),P,V SBE37 || 8971 || 1305 || T,P,S SBE37 || 7336 || 1512 || T,S RBR-Solo || 202505 || 1615 || T SBE39 || 3143 || 1718 || T,P AADI Seaguard RCM || 1904 || 1819 || (T),P,(S),V SBE37 || 7334 || 1824 || T,S SBE37 || 4096 || 2319 || T,S Sampling interval is 5 min for SBE37s and SBE39s, 1 min for SBE56s and the RBR-solo, 20 minutes for SeaGuards, 30 minutes for Nortek ADCPs, and 60 minutes for the RDI Long Ranger. Magnetic declination (3.6degW) is corrected for. Offset corrections applied to salinity records are described in the attached report and in the comment field of the SBE_CTPrecorders.NC file. Data from pressure sensors are used to correct for the mooring motion. The lowest 5 percentile value of pressure (converted to depth) is assigned as the time-averaged target depth for the instruments with pressure sensors. A full list of target depths for all instruments is obtained using these instruments with known depth and the mooring construction details. The time-constant target depth list is then used to vertically interpolate, at each time step, the instrument positions to a time-variable depth level, using the time-variable depth record with instruments equipped with pressure sensors. Hourly averaged time series from (time-varying) instrument levels are despiked and quality controlled before gridding to 5-meter vertical resolution by linear interpolation. The gridded fields after mooring motion correction include the variables UCUR, VCUR, TEMP, and PSAL. We also provide the time series at time-variable measurement levels because of mooring motion (variables TEMP_ins, PRES_ins, etc., with corresponding depth records zTEMP_ins, zPRES_ins, and so on). See the variable names for details. The dimensions follow the number of sensors on the mooring. These records are used to produce the gridded set. Details on the data processing, mooring drawings, and a detailed list of instrumentation are provided in the attached report. Gappy segments with record length less than 5 days are filled with NaN in the gridded dataset. The initial accuracy of the SBE sensors is 2x10-3°C for temperature, 3x10-4 S/m for conductivity, and 1 dbar for pressure. The compass direction is accurate to 2°. Error estimates are 1 cm/s for velocity, 0.01°C for temperature, and 0.01 for practical salinity (at measurement level). We strongly advise caution when using the gridded dataset where the vertical structure is not resolved. The vertically interpolated profiles may not be representative of the water column when the vertical separation between sensors is substantial. ' acknowledgement = 'We thank Helge Bryhni for his support with mooring design and logistics, and the captain, crew, and UFO participants for their assistance during the deployment and recovery cruises. We thank John Kemp, James Ryder, and Eric Hutt for their assistance with mooring operations.' citation = 'Fer, Ilker; Brakstad, Ailin; Lid, Daniel (2026), Physical oceanography data from the UFO-09 mooring, southern Norwegian Basin, 26 August 2024 – 21 August 2025 [dataset] Norwegian Marine Data Centre https://doi.org/10.21335/NMDC-630401122' license = 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' Conventions = 'CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3' metadata_conventions = 'Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.3' standard_name_vocabulary = 'CF Standard Name Table v87' platform_vocabulary = 'https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L06/current/' keywords_vocabulary = 'GCMDSK:GCMD Science Keywords:https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concepts/concept_scheme/sciencekeywords, GCMDPROV:GCMD Providers:https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concepts/concept_scheme/providers, GCMDLOC:GCMD Locations:https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concepts/concept_scheme/locations' area = 'North Atlantic Ocean, Southern Norwegian Basin, Northeast Iceland-Faroe slope' latitude = 64.0658 longitude = -7.07 sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level = 2417 geospatial_lat_min = 64.0658 geospatial_lat_max = 64.0658 geospatial_lat_units = 'degrees_north' geospatial_lat_resolution = 'seconds' geospatial_lon_min = -7.07 geospatial_lon_max = -7.07 geospatial_lon_units = 'degrees_east' geospatial_lon_resolution = 'seconds' geospatial_vertical_min = 40 geospatial_vertical_max = 2315 geospatial_vertical_positive = 'down' geospatial_vertical_units = 'meter' geospatial_vertical_resolution = 'centimeter' time_coverage_start = '2024-08-26T17:00:00Z' time_coverage_end = '2025-08-21T08:00:00Z' time_coverage_duration = 'P0Y11M25DT15H0M0S' date_created = '2026-07-20T10:54:30Z' date_modified = '2025-9-4T09:34:00Z' date_metadata_modified = '2026-07-20T10:54:30Z' file_creation_time = '2026-07-20T10:54:30Z' data_mode = 'D' creator_name = 'Ilker Fer' creator_email = 'ilker.fer@uib.no' creator_url = 'https://www.uib.no/gfi' institution = 'Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen' principal_investigator = 'Fer, Ilker' principal_investigator_ORCID = '0000-0002-2427-2532' contact = 'ilker.fer@uib.no' project_name = 'UFO' publisher_name = 'The Norwegian Marine Data Centre' publisher_email = 'datahjelp@hi.no' publisher_url = 'https://nmdc.no/' references = '' Dimensions: TIME = 8632 LATITUDE = 1 LONGITUDE = 1 DEPTH = 456 ZP = 10 ZT = 17 ZS = 8 ZU = 185 Variables: TIME Size: 8632x1 Dimensions: TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'time' units = 'Days since 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z' axis = 'T' coverage_content_type = 'coordinate' long_name = 'Decimal day' comment = '1 January noon is day 0.5.' LATITUDE Size: 1x1 Dimensions: LATITUDE Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'latitude' long_name = 'Measurement position, latitude' units = 'degree_north' axis = 'Y' coverage_content_type = 'coordinate' reference = 'WGS84' LONGITUDE Size: 1x1 Dimensions: LONGITUDE Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'longitude' long_name = 'Measurement position, longitude' units = 'degree_east' axis = 'X' coverage_content_type = 'coordinate' reference = 'WGS84' DEPTH Size: 456x1 Dimensions: DEPTH Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'depth' units = 'm' long_name = 'Vertical distance below the sea surface' axis = 'Z' positive = 'down' comment = 'Depth of the measurement estimated from time-variable pressure records are interpolated to this uniform depth array.' coverage_content_type = 'coordinate' TEMP Size: 456x8632 Dimensions: DEPTH,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'sea_water_temperature' units = 'degree_Celsius' long_name = 'sea water temperature in-situ ITS-90 scale' comment = 'Measured by the SBE temperature sensors and temperature sensors on current meters and profilers.' coordinates = 'TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' PSAL Size: 456x8632 Dimensions: DEPTH,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'sea_water_practical_salinity' units = '1' long_name = 'Practical salinity on the PSS-78 scale' comment = 'Measured by the SBE CTD sensors ' coordinates = 'TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' UCUR Size: 456x8632 Dimensions: DEPTH,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'eastward_sea_water_velocity' units = 'm s-1' long_name = 'Absolute eastward sea water velocity' comment = 'Measured by RDI and Nortek ADCPs and AADI SeaGuards. Flagged bad data points are replaced with NaNs.' coordinates = 'TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' VCUR Size: 456x8632 Dimensions: DEPTH,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'northward_sea_water_velocity' units = 'm s-1' long_name = 'Absolute northward sea water velocity' comment = 'Measured by RDI and Nortek ADCPs and AADI SeaGuards. Flagged bad data points are replaced with NaNs' coordinates = 'TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' zPRES_ins Size: 10x8632 Dimensions: ZP,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'depth' units = 'm' long_name = 'vertical distance below sea surface of pressure sensor at time-varying measurement level (not gridded)' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) S100U, 100756, 366 S55D, 200062, 3.685000e+02 SBE37, 7224, 472 SBE37, 8970, 628 SBE37, 7223, 984 SG, 1902, 991 RDI75D, 18447, 1206 SBE37, 8971, 1305 SBE39, 3143, 1718 SG, 1904, 1819 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' zTEMP_ins Size: 17x8632 Dimensions: ZT,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'depth' units = 'm' long_name = 'vertical distance below sea surface of temperature sensor at time-varying measurement level (not gridded)' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) S100U, 100756, 366 SBE56, 1345, 420 SBE37, 7224, 472 SBE56, 1343, 524 SBE56, 1947, 576 SBE37, 8970, 628 SBE56, 1333, 680 SBE56, 1331, 731 SBE37, 8000, 783 SBE56, 1332, 886 SBE37, 7223, 984 SBE37, 8971, 1305 SBE37, 7336, 1512 RBR-Solo, 202505, 1615 SBE39, 3143, 1718 SBE37, 7334, 1824 SBE37, 4096, 2319 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' zPSAL_ins Size: 8x8632 Dimensions: ZS,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'depth' units = 'm' long_name = 'vertical distance below sea surface of conductivity sensor at time-varying measurement level (not gridded)' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) SBE37, 7224, 472 SBE37, 8970, 628 SBE37, 8000, 783 SBE37, 7223, 984 SBE37, 8971, 1305 SBE37, 7336, 1512 SBE37, 7334, 1824 SBE37, 4096, 2319 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' zUCUR_ins Size: 185x8632 Dimensions: ZU,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'depth' units = 'm' long_name = 'vertical distance below sea surface of horizontal velocity sensor at time-varying measurement level (not gridded)' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) S100U, 100756, 366 S55D, 200062, 3.685000e+02 SG, 1902, 991 RDI75D, 18447, 1206 SG, 1904, 1819 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' PRES_ins Size: 10x8632 Dimensions: ZP,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: units = 'decibar' long_name = 'sea water pressure at time-varying measurement level (not gridded), equals 0 at sea-level' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) S100U, 100756, 366 S55D, 200062, 3.685000e+02 SBE37, 7224, 472 SBE37, 8970, 628 SBE37, 7223, 984 SG, 1902, 991 RDI75D, 18447, 1206 SBE37, 8971, 1305 SBE39, 3143, 1718 SG, 1904, 1819 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' TEMP_ins Size: 17x8632 Dimensions: ZT,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'sea_water_temperature' units = 'degree_Celsius' long_name = 'sea water temperature at time-varying measurement level (not gridded), in-situ ITS-90 scale' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) S100U, 100756, 366 SBE56, 1345, 420 SBE37, 7224, 472 SBE56, 1343, 524 SBE56, 1947, 576 SBE37, 8970, 628 SBE56, 1333, 680 SBE56, 1331, 731 SBE37, 8000, 783 SBE56, 1332, 886 SBE37, 7223, 984 SBE37, 8971, 1305 SBE37, 7336, 1512 RBR-Solo, 202505, 1615 SBE39, 3143, 1718 SBE37, 7334, 1824 SBE37, 4096, 2319 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' PSAL_ins Size: 8x8632 Dimensions: ZS,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'sea_water_practical_salinity' units = '1' long_name = 'practical salinity at time-varying measurement level (not gridded), PSS-78 scale' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) SBE37, 7224, 472 SBE37, 8970, 628 SBE37, 8000, 783 SBE37, 7223, 984 SBE37, 8971, 1305 SBE37, 7336, 1512 SBE37, 7334, 1824 SBE37, 4096, 2319 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' UCUR_ins Size: 185x8632 Dimensions: ZU,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'eastward_sea_water_velocity' units = 'm s-1' long_name = 'absolute eastward sea water velocity at time-varying measurement level (not gridded)' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) S100U, 100756, 366 S55D, 200062, 3.685000e+02 SG, 1902, 991 RDI75D, 18447, 1206 SG, 1904, 1819 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' VCUR_ins Size: 185x8632 Dimensions: ZU,TIME Datatype: double Attributes: standard_name = 'northward_sea_water_velocity' units = 'm s-1' long_name = 'absolute northward sea water velocity at time-varying measurement level (not gridded)' comment = 'Hourly-averaged, quality-controlled and corrected records from instruments at time-varying measurement level (not gridded). Following instruments are used: instrument, serial no, target depth (m) S100U, 100756, 366 S55D, 200062, 3.685000e+02 SG, 1902, 991 RDI75D, 18447, 1206 SG, 1904, 1819 ' coverage_content_type = 'physicalMeasurement' >>